Education Of The Ignorant Essays - Cry, The Beloved Country, Jarvis

Education Of The Ignorant Essays - Cry, The Beloved Country, Jarvis Education Of The Ignorant CRY THE BELOVED COUNTRY, BY ALAN PATON, IS A BOOK WHICH TELLS THE STORY OF HOW JAMES JARVIS, A WEALTHY ESTATE OWNER WHO, BECAUSE OF HIS OWN BUSY LIFE, HAD TO LEARN OF THE SOCIAL DEGRADATION IN SOUTH AFRICA THROUGH THE DEATH OF HIS ONLY SON. IF ARTHUR JARVIS HAD NEVER BEEN KILLED, JAMES JARVIS WOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN EDUCATED BY HIS SONS WRITINGS, AND STEPHEN KUMALO. WHEN WE FIRST MEET JAMES JARVIS, HE KNOWS LITTLE OF HIS SONS LIFE. HE DOESN'T KNOW HIS SON WAS ON A KIND OF A MISSION(P. 140), AND THIS IS WHY WHEN HARRISON SAYS,...WE'RE SCARED STIFF AT THE MOMENT IN JOHANNESBURG.( P. 140) JAMES IS SORT OF SURPRISED AND SAYS,OF CRIME?( P. 140). TALKING TO HARRISON TAUGHT STEPHEN ABOUT THE CRIME IN THE CITY, AND THE NEXT MORNING HE LEARNS ABOUT HIS SON. ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THAT JAMES LEARNS OF HIS SON, AND HIS VIEWS, HE LEARNS IN ARTHURS' ROOM. IN READING HIS WRITINGS, JAMES FINDS THAT ARTHUR WOULD HAVE RISKED ANYTHING TO HELP OTHER PEOPLE, AND ENDED UP DOING JUST THAT. JAMES FINDS THAT HIS SON WAS WELL RESEARCHED ON THE PROBLEMS OF THEIR SOCIETY, AND WAS INTERESTED IN HELPING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA. FROM THE PICTURES OF JESUS AND LINCOLN ON HIS WALL, JAMES DISCOVERED THE ADMIRATION ARTHUR HAD FOR THESE TWO MEN. THESE WERE MEN OF ACTION, WHO SHOWED LOVE FOR THEIR FRIENDS, AND AT THE SAME TIME, THEIR ENEMIES. THESE TWO MEN SUFFERED AND DIED FOR THEIR BELIEFS, AS DID ARTHUR IN A WAY, THIS IS SHOWING ARTHURS' FATHER WHAT A GREAT MAN HIS SON WAS BY COMPARISON, AND SIMILARITY TO OTHERS. THIS REVELATION SHOWS ARTHURS CONCERN FOR HUMANITY. AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF HIS SONS VIEWS THROUGH ALL OF HIS WRITINGS, JAMES BEGINS TO REALIZE THE PROBLEM, AND STARTS TO THINK OF THE PROBLEMS OF OTHERS BEFORE HIS OWN. IN THIS ASPECT, JAMES BEGINS TO REMIND THE READER OF OSCAR SHINDLER. THIS IS SO BECAUSE SHINDLER WAS ONE WHO AT ONE TIME HATED JEWS, BUT AS HE BEGAN TO UNDERSTAND THEM, HE THUOGHT OF THEIR TROUBLES AND HOW HIS WEALTH COULD SAVE THEM. MUCH LIKE SHINDLER, JARVIS HELPS THE MINORITY. FOLLOWING HIS SONS DEATH AND THE ACQUAINTANCE OF STEPHEN, JAMES DONATES 1000 POUNDS TO THE AFRICAN BOYS CLUB. JARVIS IS NOT JUST GIVING GIFTS IN MEMORY OF HIS SON, OR JUST TO GIVE, BUT GIVING THOSE WHO NEED HELP WAYS TO HELP THEMSELVES. WHEN JAMES GAVE THE MONEY TO THE CLUB, HE DIDN'T JUST DECIDE TO GIVE IT TO THEM, BUT KNEW THAT IF HE GAVE IT, THE CLUB WOULD USE IT TO IMPROVE THE COUNTRYS' CONDITION. IN ALL OF HIS DONATIONS, JAMES USES THIS SUBTLE METHOD TO EMANCIPATE THE BLACKS. A WAY TO HELP HIS SON TAUGHT HIM. USING HIS SONS VIEWS AGAIN, JAMES DECIDES TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT KUMALOS' VILLAGE, WHICH IS FALLING APART. THIS TASK IS A FAIRLY LARGE ONE , AND JAMES DOES THIS IN STEPS. HE FIRST PROVIDES MILK FOR THE VILLAGE KIDS, WHO ONLY HAVE WARM WATER TO DRINK, AND THEN HE BUILDS A CHURCH. THE REASON HE DECIDES TO BUILD A CHURCH IS THAT WHEN HE IS IN NDOTSHENI IT BEGINS TO RAIN, AND HE AND STEPHEN TAKE SHELTER IN THE CHURCH, WHICH LEAKS AND IS IN NEED OF REPAIR. THE RAIN IN NDOTSHENI IS A BIT OF FORESHADOWING OF HOPE FOR THE VILLAGE, AND MAYBE OF WHAT IS TO COME. THROUGH JAMES' EDUCATION, WE LEARN THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MR. JARVIS AND KUMALO. WHEN WE FIRST MEET JARVIS, THE SETTING IS MUCH THE SAME AS WHEN WE MET STEPHEN. THEY BOTH LIVE IN THE FARMING AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA, AND THEY SHARE THE LOVE FOR THE LAND, AND WHAT IS IN THEIR LIVES. THEY EACH ARE MARRIED WITH ONE SON WHO THEY KNOW NOTHING ABOUT, AND BOTH ARE FORCED TO COME TO TERMS WITH THE GUILT OF THE WHITES BY THE SAME OCCURANCE. AFTER THEY BOTH LOSE THEIR SONS, THEY HAVE A NEED TO UNDERSTAND THEM, ALTHOUGH ALL THAT IS LEFT ARE THE MEMORIES. THEY EACH LEARN OF THE PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA THROUGH THEIR SONS, AND AFTER THE REALIZATION, THEY BOTH TRY TO DO SOMETHING TO IMPROVE THE SOCIAL, AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES WHICH PLAGUE JOHANNESBURG. CRY THE BELOVED COUNTRY I S A BOOK MEANT TO TEACH THE WAYS RACIAL VIEWS CAN AFFECT PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT WAYS. THE REPRESENTATION SHOWS HOW THESE SOUTH AFRICAN PROBLEMS EDUCATED JAMES JARVIS, AND TURNED HIM INTO A COMPASSIONATE, AND UNDERSTANDING MAN. IF ARTHUR JARVIS HAD NEVER BEEN KILLED, JAMES

How to invest in your career when your company doesnt

How to invest in your career when your company doesnt There’s a stark truth that many of us must face in today’s work world- when it comes to our personal career development, it isn’t uncommon these days to have to carry this weight on our own. That’s right, the days in which the companies we work for look out for all of our needs and interest, and take responsibility and a hands-on approach to our career trajectories, growth, and development, are dwindling, if not yet gone. These days, many companies are operating with a much more â€Å"lean and mean† mindset, with stripped down budgets and less of a caretaker-trainer approach to their employees- it often seems as if just having a job is the only perk we should expect. What does this mean for us? If we’re focused on a career trajectory that includes significant growth and development, we may just be on our own.This isn’t a hopeless position- it just means that many of us need to work harder and be more proactive when it comes to fulfilli ng our professional goals. Harvard Business Review recently published an article that outlines how each of us can take steps toward taking control of our career development, even if the companies we work for don’t care about it. Use the following strategies and advice to assume command of your career growth and take bold steps forward!Chart your target career path.In order to plan for career success and achieve your professional goals, you first need to know what they are, which will help determine what steps you’ll need to take and the skills you’ll need to acquire along the way. Try charting out the next 5 to 10 years of your career journey, starting from where you are now and finishing at where you’d ultimately like to be if the stars align and everything works out as planned. Make sure to list each promotion or assumption of new job responsibilities individually, and for each do your best to include the skills or development you’ll need under y our belt.If feasible, ask for help from a mentor or colleague to help flesh out your list. Also, be sure to use available online research tools as needed to figure things out. Once you have things mapped out, you’ll have a good idea of what you’ll need to do over the next several years to achieve your goals- whether it’s with the help of your company or on your own.Set target milestones.Equipped with your list from the previous step, set milestones for yourself to ensure that you stay on track. Does your list indicate a possible promotion a year from now? Take stock of the skills you’ll need to build right now in order to set yourself up to make that promotion a reality, and use the next 12 months to figure out the best way to acquire them. Do you have a plan that includes asking for greater responsibility at work? Think about what you’ll need in order to convince your boss that it’s a great idea- and plan accordingly.Bottom line- always thi nk ahead about the several smaller steps you’ll need to take in order to make those larger goal steps more likely to happen. Also, know that it’s key to always be flexible with adjusting your timelines to align with reality. Just because you don’t hit a target in the timeframe originally planned, that doesn’t mean all is lost- just recalibrate your goal list with an updated timeline, and keep working to hit your next milestone.Determine your resources and needs.Once you know what you’ll need to do in order to achieve the next step on your target list, take stock of the resources you have at your disposal, as well as your needs. Does your employer offer any options for career development? Anything from mentoring opportunities to shadowing or tuition reimbursement programs can help you develop the skills and experience needed to reach the next rung on your career ladder.If there are tools you can leverage at work, then great- make sure to take full a dvantage of them. If not, that’s okay- you’ll just need to do a bit more on your own. Figure out your skill-building needs, and take an inventory of available resources outside of your work orbit. Everything from free online classes and learning tools to library resources and coursework at online or brick-and-mortar institutions in your field are fair game, and should be considered in order to help you move forward in your career journey.Take a closer look at your networking orbit- including friends, family, and past and current colleagues, and see if you can leverage any existing relationships to your advantage. Focus on your immediate next step, do your homework, plan smartly, and take positive, productive, and proactive steps forward to travel your ideal career path.

In The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe uses symbolism, humor, and Essay

In The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe uses symbolism, humor, and irony to develop his theme of how Fortunato's foolishness costed him his life - Essay Example Though originally used as a mere instrument by which the story could take off, it takes on a life of its own as it symbolizes the perceived wealth and success in life of its owner. It is a symbol that Fortunato refuses to believes exists but then with his curiosity getting the better of him, he embarks down a path which symbolized his ultimate doom. A more important perhaps to the story is the way that Fortunato is dressed as a court jester during the carnival. As everyone knows, a court jester is someone who is the life of the court. He makes people laugh by making fun of other people. This costume symbolizes the very personality of Fortunato, which is the happy-go-lucky type of person who unfortunately, tends to say or do things that he may not realize slights those around him as what happened unknowingly between him and Montresor. The story also makes good use of humor in the statement â€Å"Luchresi doesnt know Amontillado from a Sherry". It would seem that as far as the social circle that Fortunato and Montresor move in, Luchresi fancies himself a wine conneseiur although his actions betray him as a pretender. Hence the laughter and comedic intonation in the dialogue between the friends. However funny the statement is though, it is still considered by Montresor to be an additional slight upon his person since he believes Luchresi to be a man knowledgable about wines and sherrys. Finally, we come to an analysis of the names and settings used by Poe in the story. I would like to begin with the discussion regarding his choice of the name Fortunato for his doomed character. It is truly ironic that the name Fortunato actually means a man blessed with good fortune in life. Fortunato met the exact opposite during his lifetime. Fortunato has only the worst of luck as he died a horrifying and secret death at the hands of the man he considered a trustworthy friend, Montresor. Then we have the irony of the two settings used for the story, the carnival masquerade

The courts decisions over the last thwenty five years or so reveal a Essay

The courts decisions over the last thwenty five years or so reveal a remarkably confusing approach to the purpose of cross-examination under s1(f)(ii)Criminal E - Essay Example gainst the national interest are easy to fathom and understand but lately, especially the last two decades, court decisions that require adjudication of cases in which the good or the bad moral character of the defendant is relevant to the resolution of the facts in issue, had been murky and muddled that students of law are often left befuddled. This is to be expected as the allowance of evidence of the bad or good moral character of the accused is fully in the discretion of the judges.3 Some jurors disallow hearing of evidence of the character of the accused on the pretext that it is irrelevant to the case. According to Elliott, â€Å"evidence is relevant when it has a tendency in reason to establish the probability or improbability of a fact in issue†4 Relevancy or the materiality to the issue of fact raised in the pleadings is extremely important because if evidence is relevant as well as competent, then that evidence is admissible. What is then relevant and thus admissible is therefore, dependent on the juror’s discretion. All that the court has to say after it refuses admittance of evidence is that it does so â€Å"in the interest of justice by virtue of Criminal Justice Act 1988 section 25(1).5 Wigmore’s Axiom of Admissibility which is supposed to facilitate the judges’ exercise of their discretion to allow or disallow admission of evidence as to the good or bad character of the accused merely confuse the judges and everybody else. According to Wigmore, what can be admitted are only facts with rational probative value unless some specific rule clearly forbids its admission. Again the term ‘rational probative value’ is dependent on the interpretation of each judge. The Alfred Altmore Pope Foundation case tersely expresses this dilemma: No precise and universal test of relevancy is furnished by the law but the determination of whether particular evidence is relevant rests largely on the discretion of the court, which must be exercised

Books are not Dying :: Free Essay Writer

Books are not Dying If people were asked to define the importance of the books they would probably state that books are dead or will be dead soon. In â€Å"books a dying are? don’t believe it†, Anne Proulx expressed her views books. She suggests â€Å"every other week someone says that books are dead or dying†. By analyzing which will focused on a meaning, a form and the style of the essay well reveal that books are not on the way to extinction. Through out the essay â€Å"books a dying art†, the author developed the thesis extremely well, so the reader could grasp the meaning of the essay. First, the thesis opens the introduction; it’s stated every clearly (par1), that every other day people says that books are dying, it compares with new technology. In similar manner, when television was invented people thought that the radio will diminished. The body of the essay consist nine paragraphs. The first paragraph of the body talks about people thinks â€Å"disappearance of books†(par2). As well as in our society no one reads book any more. In the second paragraph of the body, people are confused in â€Å"clouded direction of culture† (par3). Furthermore, the co-operations want to buy publishers because the books are becoming more interesting; also, books are coming in different languages. Mainly, the society has change, many years the books weren’t traveling anywhere, today for instant books a re found everywhere they are moving. For example, books are moving into hotel, motel, etc. Later in the paragraph the author Proulx talks about â€Å"electronic highway†(par6) is taking over the world. Although computers are taking over but people are not going to â€Å"sit down and read a novel on a twitchy little screen†(par6). In addiction, the books are the identification of the man & women â€Å"not software†. In my view, today in our society books are not disappearance; computer will never take over the books. In order to understand the thesis and the topic of an essay the text has to have some structure. In addiction, the essay has to have standard structure; the form helps readers understand the important of the topic. The essay â€Å"books a dying art?† falls in to formal category the author uses third person pronoun. Also, the source of the evident is historical â€Å"many year ago one could find only single title in black book†(par5). This quote refers to the Bible, in the past only book mote room could find is Bible, but thing has change now.

Japan in World War II

Using these four passages and your own knowledge, asses the view that Japan was driven into war with the western powers in 1941 by American policies. Both interpretations B and D prove that America was the only driving force that caused a war in the Pacific. The oil embargo that America enforced in 1940 was an incentive for Japan, a country very reliant on imports of which most primarily came from America feeding its daily usage of 12,000 tons of oil,to declare war on the country that was slowing its progress to conquer China.Interpretation B states that â€Å"moderates and militants alike saw American pressure as provocative† thus creating a tension in the Pacific, with the American foreign policy at the forefront of the Japanese aggression, this would leave Japan with no choice but to declare war. Japan’s reluctance to enter a war with America is also shown in this interpretation where numerous times they extended a deadline to lift the oil embargo â€Å"by 15thOctob er. The date was later extended to 25thNovember and then to 30thNovember.†Japan would have to fight America if the â€Å"life strangling embargo† was not lifted as it was their only choice out of a possible two the other was â€Å"pulling out of China and no Japanese leader counselled the latter. †This proves that without America’s strict oil embargo than a war in the Pacific may never have occurred. However America would never have left China to the aggressive advances of Japan. On the other hand interpretation B disagrees and displays Japan as irrational and links with interpretation A in seeing Japan as â€Å"naive and unthinking†.This is presented by the comment made by the Japanese general in interpretation B which reads â€Å"sometimes a man has to jump with his eyes closed from the veranda of aKiyomizu temple. † The remark confirms the argument that Japan’s leaders were unthinking and made decisions without knowing the consequen ces for example the attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941. Overall this interpretation sees US pressure as a significant cause for aggression; Japan was being starved of its essential oil that it used to fuel its conquests.However American concern for the safety of Asia would ultimately lead to a war in the Pacific and Japanese hostility was solely to blame. Interpretation D also shows Japan’s aggression being sparked by American decisions. For example â€Å"America, most of all, stood in the way stood in the way of this through their control of resources in South East Asia. † America’s grip on all vital resources in the Pacific would have driven Japan to war as it was the only alternative to stop America whilst still keeping control over China.The leading philosophies of the time, â€Å"assumed that acquiring an empire provided the basis of prosperity and future national security. † This on the other hand contradicts the interpretation as it presents Japan as an empire with clear instructions on how to achieve wealth through imperialism. This is shown throughout the passage where â€Å"by the time the war in China began in 1937 politicians favouring expansionism were in high offices of state. † America is no longer the only reason that war began as the views of the leaders in 1937 were evidently expansionist.Japan does not want any relations with America as â€Å"in the eyes of Japan’s leaders that would have entailed a colossal loss of prestige with incalculable internal consequences. † Japan and the US both operated with an imperialist mindset, but Japan government had mishandled the position they found themselves in Overall this proves that Japan had their own aims and expansionist policies and America â€Å"stood in the way† of Japan and war would have been inevitable between to very imperialist countries that both sort out an empire.To summarise this interpretation although it shows that America holds back Japan through its strict rationing of resources in the South East Asia, Japan’s leaders had their particular policies which involved expansion and so American decisions would not have changed the inevitable outcome of war. However the reliability of the interpretation is undependable as the argument against the leaders â€Å"fateful choices† were the decisions of â€Å"mentalists† and no such evidence and or facts were used to justify the historians view and Japan’s actions as to why they made the decision to advance south in 1940.Interpretations A and C both make arguments that it wasn’t America’s foreign policy’s causing war. Interpretation A makes the dispute that â€Å"nothing could have prevented a Japanese-American war after Japan’s takeover of French Indochina in July 1941†, America had a reason to be worried about the future of the Pacific as before July 1941 â€Å"lay the shadow of Japanese aggressio n in China† again the Japanese aggression and expansionist policies linked with interpretation D is evidence that it was Japan’s policies not America’s that were driving them closer that would eventually lead to war.Japan had no real plan as to how they would fight off the â€Å"Menace†. Again this speculates that Japanese aggression was not thought through and they were â€Å"blinded by easy victories†. This meant that Japanese violence had no end in what the thought they could accomplish leading them to start a war they could not win. However the interpretation perceives that America knew that â€Å"Japanese aggression could only be strangled by stopping the flow of essential war materials†, and with this knowledge this American Policy they could stop Japan.This would lead Japan to a war as America was holding back there essential resources that the required to survive the war with China. However the interpretation does not state whether th ey imposed the embargo. The U. S. government froze all Japanese assets in America and launched an oil embargo after July 1941, to protest Japan's aggression in China and Indochina. Trade was terminated with Japan's attack on Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941.Interpretation C is also against as it evidently shows that Russian policy was a cause of war. Japan was having difficulty keeping Russia out of Manchuria and there were several disputes along the Soviet – Manchukuo border. The major conflicts included â€Å"the Tauran incident in March 1936; the Kanch’atzu incident June-July 1937, the Amurincident June-July 1937, the Changkufeng incident July-August 1938; and the Nomoham incident May-September 1939. † Japan was rightfully worried about the Russian borders and so therefore not America.In total the Imperial Japanese Army recorded a total of 152 minor incidents on the border of Manchuria between 1932 and 1934. That number then increased to over 150 per year fo r the next two years and the scale of the incidents became larger. The Japanese would later sign the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality pact on April 13th 1941. The amount of defeats that Japan endured along the Soviet – Manchukuo border would have Japan’s highest concern and not America over the Pacific.This is also shown when Japan released a new foreign policy concerning the progressive development of Manchukuo. The document stated that â€Å"thwarting the USSR’s aggressive intentions, therefore had become the most crucial element in our diplomacy† thus proving America Policies were not the only, and Japan was concerned about aggression from the eastern powers. Japan’s wariness about Russia also lead it the Japanese-German pact the building block for the Anti-Comintern pact; this and not America would lead to war.Western anxiety about the Tripartite Pact, which was signed by the three leading Axis in 1941, is also shown in this interpretation as an argu ment against the American involvement as this displays a growing concern from Britain, the Soviet union and America. Conclusion The overwhelming majority of the interpretations are against the interpretation that America's policies where the cause of War 1941; the mention of other European powers that took the attention of Japan away from America. The Manchukuo border was Japan's top priority as it guarded there empire whereas the Pacific was between them and America.It wasn't just other countries power and aggression that sparked the war Japan too had plans for a large empire in China to ensure there prosperity. Interpretations A, B and D are linked and show Japan as a key factor in the beginning of a war as there aggressive expansion led to their inevitable involvement in World War II. It was the â€Å"naive and unthinking† choices made by the leaders of Japan in the 1940's to attempt the invasion of America. Almost all interpretations argue against the statement that it wa s American policy driving Japan to war.However interpretation B proves that America's oil embargo was threatening Japan's vital oil supply and in interpretation A the American Public and Press establishes that to â€Å"continue supplying such materials to an aggressor was an abet to aggression. To conclude the argument that the majority of interpretations are against however the fact that Japan's attention was drawn to the Manchukuo border cannot be forgotten as that used around 80,000 men of which they lost about 29,000 of them and shows that the policies of the Allies were pressuring Japan.

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Duda

From the Polish noun duda, meaning bagpipes or bad musician, the common Polish surname Duda is most likely an occupational surname for one who played the bagpipes or, possibly, one who played them badly.  A dudy  is a form of bagpipe with a single reed in the chanter, common in the southern and western areas of Bohemia in the Czech Republic, and in  parts of Poland and Austria.   Another possible meaning, suggested by Polish name expert Prof. Kazimierz Rymut in his book Nazwiska Polakow (The Surnames of Poles), is one who made a lot of needless noise. Duda is among the 50 most common Polish surnames.   Surname Origin: Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak Alternate Surname Spellings:  DUDDA, DADA Where do People with the Surname DUDA Live? According to Slownik nazwisk wspolczesnie w Polsce uzywanych, Directory of Surnames in Current Use in Poland, which covers about 94% of the population of Poland, there were 38,290 Polish citizens with the Duda surname living in Poland in 1990.   Famous People with the Surname DUDA Lucas Duda - American professional MLB baseball playerAndrzej Sebastian Duda - Polish lawyer and politician; sixth President of Poland Genealogy Resources for the Surname DUDA Duda Family Tree DNA Surname ProjectMale individuals with the Duda or Dudda surname can come together with other Duda researchers interested in using a combination of Y-DNA testing and traditional genealogical research to connect Duda families back to common ancestors. Duda Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Duda surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Duda surname query. DistantCousin.com - DUDA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Duda. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name MeaningsCant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings. Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow. Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.